Integrand size = 13, antiderivative size = 347 \[ \int \frac {1+x^4}{1+x^8} \, dx=-\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {\frac {1}{2} \left (2-\sqrt {2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )-\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {\frac {1}{2} \left (2+\sqrt {2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {\frac {1}{2} \left (2-\sqrt {2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}+2 x}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {\frac {1}{2} \left (2+\sqrt {2}\right )} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}+2 x}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}-\frac {\log \left (1-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\log \left (1+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+x^2\right )}{8 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}} \]
-1/8*arctan((-2*x+(2-2^(1/2))^(1/2))/(2+2^(1/2))^(1/2))*(4-2*2^(1/2))^(1/2 )+1/8*arctan((2*x+(2-2^(1/2))^(1/2))/(2+2^(1/2))^(1/2))*(4-2*2^(1/2))^(1/2 )-1/8*ln(1+x^2-x*(2-2^(1/2))^(1/2))/(2-2^(1/2))^(1/2)+1/8*ln(1+x^2+x*(2-2^ (1/2))^(1/2))/(2-2^(1/2))^(1/2)-1/8*arctan((-2*x+(2+2^(1/2))^(1/2))/(2-2^( 1/2))^(1/2))*(4+2*2^(1/2))^(1/2)+1/8*arctan((2*x+(2+2^(1/2))^(1/2))/(2-2^( 1/2))^(1/2))*(4+2*2^(1/2))^(1/2)-1/8*ln(1+x^2-x*(2+2^(1/2))^(1/2))/(2+2^(1 /2))^(1/2)+1/8*ln(1+x^2+x*(2+2^(1/2))^(1/2))/(2+2^(1/2))^(1/2)
Time = 0.13 (sec) , antiderivative size = 258, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.74 \[ \int \frac {1+x^4}{1+x^8} \, dx=\frac {1}{8} \left (2 \arctan \left (\sec \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right ) \left (x+\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )-\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )+2 \arctan \left (x \sec \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )-\tan \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )-\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )+\log \left (1+x^2+2 x \cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )-\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )+\log \left (1+x^2-2 x \cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \left (-\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )+\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )+2 \arctan \left (\left (x-\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \csc \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )+\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )+2 \arctan \left (\left (x+\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \csc \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )+\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )-\log \left (1+x^2-2 x \sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )+\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )+\log \left (1+x^2+2 x \sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right ) \left (\cos \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )+\sin \left (\frac {\pi }{8}\right )\right )\right ) \]
(2*ArcTan[Sec[Pi/8]*(x + Sin[Pi/8])]*(Cos[Pi/8] - Sin[Pi/8]) + 2*ArcTan[x* Sec[Pi/8] - Tan[Pi/8]]*(Cos[Pi/8] - Sin[Pi/8]) + Log[1 + x^2 + 2*x*Cos[Pi/ 8]]*(Cos[Pi/8] - Sin[Pi/8]) + Log[1 + x^2 - 2*x*Cos[Pi/8]]*(-Cos[Pi/8] + S in[Pi/8]) + 2*ArcTan[(x - Cos[Pi/8])*Csc[Pi/8]]*(Cos[Pi/8] + Sin[Pi/8]) + 2*ArcTan[(x + Cos[Pi/8])*Csc[Pi/8]]*(Cos[Pi/8] + Sin[Pi/8]) - Log[1 + x^2 - 2*x*Sin[Pi/8]]*(Cos[Pi/8] + Sin[Pi/8]) + Log[1 + x^2 + 2*x*Sin[Pi/8]]*(C os[Pi/8] + Sin[Pi/8]))/8
Time = 0.54 (sec) , antiderivative size = 397, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.14, number of steps used = 8, number of rules used = 7, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.538, Rules used = {1743, 1407, 1142, 25, 1083, 217, 1103}
Below are the steps used by Rubi to obtain the solution. The rule number used for the transformation is given above next to the arrow. The rules definitions used are listed below.
| \(\displaystyle \int \frac {x^4+1}{x^8+1} \, dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1743 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^4-\sqrt {2} x^2+1}dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1}{x^4+\sqrt {2} x^2+1}dx\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1407 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}-x}{x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\int \frac {x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}-x}{x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\int \frac {x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1142 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx-\frac {1}{2} \int -\frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx-\frac {1}{2} \int -\frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 25 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1083 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{-\left (2 x-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}\right )^2-\sqrt {2}-2}d\left (2 x-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{-\left (2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}\right )^2-\sqrt {2}-2}d\left (2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{-\left (2 x-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}\right )^2+\sqrt {2}-2}d\left (2 x-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} \int \frac {1}{-\left (2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}\right )^2+\sqrt {2}-2}d\left (2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 217 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\sqrt {\frac {2-\sqrt {2}}{2+\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\sqrt {\frac {2-\sqrt {2}}{2+\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}-2 x}{x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\sqrt {\frac {2+\sqrt {2}}{2-\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1}dx+\sqrt {\frac {2+\sqrt {2}}{2-\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )\) |
| \(\Big \downarrow \) 1103 |
| \(\displaystyle \frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\sqrt {\frac {2-\sqrt {2}}{2+\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\sqrt {\frac {2-\sqrt {2}}{2+\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}} x+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \left (\frac {\sqrt {\frac {2+\sqrt {2}}{2-\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )-\frac {1}{2} \log \left (x^2-\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}+\frac {\sqrt {\frac {2+\sqrt {2}}{2-\sqrt {2}}} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}{\sqrt {2-\sqrt {2}}}\right )+\frac {1}{2} \log \left (x^2+\sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}} x+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2+\sqrt {2}}}\right )\) |
((Sqrt[(2 - Sqrt[2])/(2 + Sqrt[2])]*ArcTan[(-Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[2]] + 2*x)/Sqrt [2 + Sqrt[2]]] - Log[1 - Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[2]]*x + x^2]/2)/(2*Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[2] ]) + (Sqrt[(2 - Sqrt[2])/(2 + Sqrt[2])]*ArcTan[(Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[2]] + 2*x)/S qrt[2 + Sqrt[2]]] + Log[1 + Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[2]]*x + x^2]/2)/(2*Sqrt[2 - Sqrt [2]]))/2 + ((Sqrt[(2 + Sqrt[2])/(2 - Sqrt[2])]*ArcTan[(-Sqrt[2 + Sqrt[2]] + 2*x)/Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[2]]] - Log[1 - Sqrt[2 + Sqrt[2]]*x + x^2]/2)/(2*Sqrt[ 2 + Sqrt[2]]) + (Sqrt[(2 + Sqrt[2])/(2 - Sqrt[2])]*ArcTan[(Sqrt[2 + Sqrt[2 ]] + 2*x)/Sqrt[2 - Sqrt[2]]] + Log[1 + Sqrt[2 + Sqrt[2]]*x + x^2]/2)/(2*Sq rt[2 + Sqrt[2]]))/2
3.1.13.3.1 Defintions of rubi rules used
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(-(Rt[-a, 2]*Rt[-b, 2])^( -1))*ArcTan[Rt[-b, 2]*(x/Rt[-a, 2])], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] & & (LtQ[a, 0] || LtQ[b, 0])
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[-2 Subst[I nt[1/Simp[b^2 - 4*a*c - x^2, x], x], x, b + 2*c*x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x]
Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> S imp[d*(Log[RemoveContent[a + b*x + c*x^2, x]]/b), x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x] && EqQ[2*c*d - b*e, 0]
Int[((d_.) + (e_.)*(x_))/((a_) + (b_.)*(x_) + (c_.)*(x_)^2), x_Symbol] :> S imp[(2*c*d - b*e)/(2*c) Int[1/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] + Simp[e/(2*c) Int[(b + 2*c*x)/(a + b*x + c*x^2), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e}, x]
Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2 + (c_.)*(x_)^4)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{q = Rt[a/ c, 2]}, With[{r = Rt[2*q - b/c, 2]}, Simp[1/(2*c*q*r) Int[(r - x)/(q - r* x + x^2), x], x] + Simp[1/(2*c*q*r) Int[(r + x)/(q + r*x + x^2), x], x]]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c}, x] && NeQ[b^2 - 4*a*c, 0] && NegQ[b^2 - 4*a*c]
Int[((d_) + (e_.)*(x_)^(n_))/((a_) + (c_.)*(x_)^(n2_)), x_Symbol] :> With[{ q = Rt[2*d*e, 2]}, Simp[e^2/(2*c) Int[1/(d + q*x^(n/2) + e*x^n), x], x] + Simp[e^2/(2*c) Int[1/(d - q*x^(n/2) + e*x^n), x], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, c, d, e}, x] && EqQ[n2, 2*n] && EqQ[c*d^2 - a*e^2, 0] && IGtQ[n/2, 0] && PosQ[d* e]
Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 0.62 (sec) , antiderivative size = 27, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.08
| method | result | size |
| default | \(\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{8}+1\right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (\textit {\_R}^{4}+1\right ) \ln \left (x -\textit {\_R} \right )}{\textit {\_R}^{7}}\right )}{8}\) | \(27\) |
| risch | \(\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{8}+1\right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (\textit {\_R}^{4}+1\right ) \ln \left (x -\textit {\_R} \right )}{\textit {\_R}^{7}}\right )}{8}\) | \(27\) |
| meijerg | \(\text {Expression too large to display}\) | \(566\) |
Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.32 (sec) , antiderivative size = 189, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.54 \[ \int \frac {1+x^4}{1+x^8} \, dx=\frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (8 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (\left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} + \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )} + 16 \, x\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (-8 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (\left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} + \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )} + 16 \, x\right ) - \frac {1}{8} i \, \sqrt {2} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (-8 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (i \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} + i \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )} + 16 \, x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} i \, \sqrt {2} \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (-8 \, \sqrt {2} {\left (-i \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} - i \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right )} + 16 \, x\right ) - \left (\frac {1}{8} i + \frac {1}{8}\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (32 \, x + \left (16 i + 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} - \left (16 i + 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right ) + \left (\frac {1}{8} i - \frac {1}{8}\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (32 \, x - \left (16 i - 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} + \left (16 i - 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right ) - \left (\frac {1}{8} i - \frac {1}{8}\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (32 \, x + \left (16 i - 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} - \left (16 i - 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right ) + \left (\frac {1}{8} i + \frac {1}{8}\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}} \log \left (32 \, x - \left (16 i + 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {5}{8}} + \left (16 i + 16\right ) \, \left (-1\right )^{\frac {1}{8}}\right ) \]
1/8*sqrt(2)*(-1)^(1/8)*log(8*sqrt(2)*((-1)^(5/8) + (-1)^(1/8)) + 16*x) - 1 /8*sqrt(2)*(-1)^(1/8)*log(-8*sqrt(2)*((-1)^(5/8) + (-1)^(1/8)) + 16*x) - 1 /8*I*sqrt(2)*(-1)^(1/8)*log(-8*sqrt(2)*(I*(-1)^(5/8) + I*(-1)^(1/8)) + 16* x) + 1/8*I*sqrt(2)*(-1)^(1/8)*log(-8*sqrt(2)*(-I*(-1)^(5/8) - I*(-1)^(1/8) ) + 16*x) - (1/8*I + 1/8)*(-1)^(1/8)*log(32*x + (16*I + 16)*(-1)^(5/8) - ( 16*I + 16)*(-1)^(1/8)) + (1/8*I - 1/8)*(-1)^(1/8)*log(32*x - (16*I - 16)*( -1)^(5/8) + (16*I - 16)*(-1)^(1/8)) - (1/8*I - 1/8)*(-1)^(1/8)*log(32*x + (16*I - 16)*(-1)^(5/8) - (16*I - 16)*(-1)^(1/8)) + (1/8*I + 1/8)*(-1)^(1/8 )*log(32*x - (16*I + 16)*(-1)^(5/8) + (16*I + 16)*(-1)^(1/8))
Time = 1.15 (sec) , antiderivative size = 19, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.05 \[ \int \frac {1+x^4}{1+x^8} \, dx=\operatorname {RootSum} {\left (1048576 t^{8} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (4096 t^{5} + 4 t + x \right )} \right )\right )} \]
\[ \int \frac {1+x^4}{1+x^8} \, dx=\int { \frac {x^{4} + 1}{x^{8} + 1} \,d x } \]
Time = 0.38 (sec) , antiderivative size = 247, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.71 \[ \int \frac {1+x^4}{1+x^8} \, dx=\frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {-2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \, x + \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 2}}{\sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {-2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \, x - \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 2}}{\sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \, x + \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 2}}{\sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \arctan \left (\frac {2 \, x - \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 2}}{\sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 2}}\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {-2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \log \left (x^{2} + x \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 2} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {-2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \log \left (x^{2} - x \sqrt {\sqrt {2} + 2} + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \log \left (x^{2} + x \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 2} + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{16} \, \sqrt {2 \, \sqrt {2} + 4} \log \left (x^{2} - x \sqrt {-\sqrt {2} + 2} + 1\right ) \]
1/8*sqrt(-2*sqrt(2) + 4)*arctan((2*x + sqrt(-sqrt(2) + 2))/sqrt(sqrt(2) + 2)) + 1/8*sqrt(-2*sqrt(2) + 4)*arctan((2*x - sqrt(-sqrt(2) + 2))/sqrt(sqrt (2) + 2)) + 1/8*sqrt(2*sqrt(2) + 4)*arctan((2*x + sqrt(sqrt(2) + 2))/sqrt( -sqrt(2) + 2)) + 1/8*sqrt(2*sqrt(2) + 4)*arctan((2*x - sqrt(sqrt(2) + 2))/ sqrt(-sqrt(2) + 2)) + 1/16*sqrt(-2*sqrt(2) + 4)*log(x^2 + x*sqrt(sqrt(2) + 2) + 1) - 1/16*sqrt(-2*sqrt(2) + 4)*log(x^2 - x*sqrt(sqrt(2) + 2) + 1) + 1/16*sqrt(2*sqrt(2) + 4)*log(x^2 + x*sqrt(-sqrt(2) + 2) + 1) - 1/16*sqrt(2 *sqrt(2) + 4)*log(x^2 - x*sqrt(-sqrt(2) + 2) + 1)
Time = 8.75 (sec) , antiderivative size = 311, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.90 \[ \int \frac {1+x^4}{1+x^8} \, dx=-\ln \left ({\left (\frac {\sqrt {-2\,\sqrt {2}-4}}{16}-\frac {\sqrt {4-2\,\sqrt {2}}}{16}\right )}^3\,\left (65536\,x-16384\,\sqrt {-2\,\sqrt {2}-4}+16384\,\sqrt {4-2\,\sqrt {2}}\right )+256\right )\,\left (\frac {\sqrt {-2\,\sqrt {2}-4}}{16}-\frac {\sqrt {4-2\,\sqrt {2}}}{16}\right )+\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {x\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}-2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}+\frac {x\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}+2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}+\frac {\sqrt {2}\,x\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}-2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}-\frac {\sqrt {2}\,x\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}+2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{2}\right )\,\left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}-2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{8}+\frac {\sqrt {2}\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}+2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{8}\right )-\frac {\mathrm {atan}\left (x\,{\left (\sqrt {2}+2\right )}^{3/2}\,\left (1-\frac {1}{2}{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\sqrt {2}\,x\,{\left (\sqrt {2}+2\right )}^{3/2}\,\left (-\frac {3}{4}+\frac {1}{4}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (-2+\sqrt {2}\,\left (1-\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}+2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{8}+\frac {\mathrm {atan}\left (x\,{\left (\sqrt {2}+2\right )}^{3/2}\,\left (\frac {1}{2}+1{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\sqrt {2}\,x\,{\left (\sqrt {2}+2\right )}^{3/2}\,\left (-\frac {1}{4}-\frac {3}{4}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\sqrt {2}\,\left (1+1{}\mathrm {i}\right )-2{}\mathrm {i}\right )\,\sqrt {\sqrt {2}+2}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{8}+\sqrt {2}\,\ln \left (x+{\left (\sqrt {2}+2\right )}^{3/2}\,\left (-\frac {1}{2}-\mathrm {i}\right )+\sqrt {2}\,{\left (\sqrt {2}+2\right )}^{3/2}\,\left (\frac {1}{4}+\frac {3}{4}{}\mathrm {i}\right )\right )\,\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt {2}-2}}{16}+\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt {2}+2}}{16}\right )\,1{}\mathrm {i} \]
atan((x*(2^(1/2) - 2)^(1/2)*1i)/2 + (x*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(1/2)*1i)/2 + (2^(1/2 )*x*(2^(1/2) - 2)^(1/2)*1i)/2 - (2^(1/2)*x*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(1/2)*1i)/2)*((2^ (1/2)*(2^(1/2) - 2)^(1/2)*1i)/8 + (2^(1/2)*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(1/2)*1i)/8) - lo g(((- 2*2^(1/2) - 4)^(1/2)/16 - (4 - 2*2^(1/2))^(1/2)/16)^3*(65536*x - 163 84*(- 2*2^(1/2) - 4)^(1/2) + 16384*(4 - 2*2^(1/2))^(1/2)) + 256)*((- 2*2^( 1/2) - 4)^(1/2)/16 - (4 - 2*2^(1/2))^(1/2)/16) - (atan(x*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(3/ 2)*(1 - 1i/2) - 2^(1/2)*x*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(3/2)*(3/4 - 1i/4))*(2^(1/2)*(1 - 1i) - 2)*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(1/2)*1i)/8 + (atan(x*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(3/2)*(1/2 + 1i ) - 2^(1/2)*x*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(3/2)*(1/4 + 3i/4))*(2^(1/2)*(1 + 1i) - 2i)*(2 ^(1/2) + 2)^(1/2)*1i)/8 + 2^(1/2)*log(x - (2^(1/2) + 2)^(3/2)*(1/2 + 1i) + 2^(1/2)*(2^(1/2) + 2)^(3/2)*(1/4 + 3i/4))*((2^(1/2) - 2)^(1/2)/16 + (2^(1 /2) + 2)^(1/2)/16)*1i